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Build · 6 min read

LLM Input vs. Output Token Pricing: How to Calculate the Difference

Learn how input tokens, output tokens, and cached input affect an LLM API bill, with a worked example and a formula you can reuse across providers.

Oct 23, 2026
Diagrammatic cover showing input and output token costs as separate components of one LLM API request estimate.
Build · 4 min read

How to Validate API Responses in TypeScript

Learn how to validate untrusted API response data at runtime in TypeScript, infer static types from a Zod schema, and decide when JSON Schema or generated types fit better.

Oct 23, 2026
An untyped payload passes through a highlighted validation boundary before reaching a structured, typed result.
Build · 5 min read

SaaS Unit Economics: Payment Fees and Usage Costs

SaaS unit economics become clearer when you subtract payment-processing fees and customer-driven usage costs from revenue. Here is a practical per-customer contribution model, with assumptions and limits made explicit.

Oct 22, 2026
Editorial ledger grid with a highlighted contribution column, representing customer revenue after variable costs.
Build · 4 min read

SaaS Gross Margin: Formula and Cost-of-Revenue Decisions

Learn the SaaS gross margin formula, work through an explicit example, and decide how hosting, support, engineering, and payment fees should be classified in your model.

Oct 22, 2026
Minimal editorial illustration of revenue, direct service costs, and gross profit connected through a structured calculation.
Build · 8 min read

How to Estimate LLM API Costs Before Launch

Estimate monthly LLM API spend from input and output tokens, request volume and current model pricing. Learn which assumptions matter and what a token-cost estimate leaves out.

Oct 21, 2026
Token and request inputs flow through a calculator into a monthly cost estimate.
Build · 3 min read

TypeScript Optional vs. Nullable: Model API Fields Correctly

Understand the difference between optional TypeScript properties and nullable values, and choose the right model for API responses with missing or null fields.

Oct 21, 2026
A JSON object with an explicit null value branches into two type-model panels, distinguishing a present value from an absent property.
Build · 4 min read

Is It Safe to Decode a JWT Online?

A JWT decoder can expose claims without verifying the token. Before using an online inspector, understand whether the token is sent to a server, what the token grants, and which inspection workflow your organization permits.

Oct 21, 2026
Conceptual illustration of a token moving across a boundary toward a local inspection screen.
Build · 5 min read

JWT Decode vs Verify: What Each Step Actually Proves

JWT decoding reveals the header and payload. Signature verification checks cryptographic integrity against an expected algorithm and trusted key; claim validation and authorization are separate decisions.

Oct 21, 2026
Flat illustration contrasting readable token data with a separate key-and-check verification path.

Analysis

Evidence-led technical analysis.

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Jev Is Not a Paradigm Shift. It’s ust a Fast Classifier.
Deep Dives
13 min read

Jev Is Not a Paradigm Shift. It’s ust a Fast Classifier.

I called Jev a glorified, high-speed classifier . Then I did the thing controversial posts usually skip: I tried to prove myself wrong. I went through TypeSafe’s launch material, LangChain’s harness and Jev-as-a-Judge experiments , Vercel’s

Does Size Matter? Bigger AI Isn’t Always Better
Research Radar
9 min read

Does Size Matter? Bigger AI Isn’t Always Better

Does size matter? There. I asked it. Humanity has spent an unreasonable amount of time arguing about this question, so naturally we eventually gave the problem to artificial intelligence. Except now we measure it in billions of parameters .

GPT-6 Astra Is More Aligned. I Still Wouldn’t Trust It With More Autonomy.
Deep Dives
8 min read

GPT-6 Astra Is More Aligned. I Still Wouldn’t Trust It With More Autonomy.

I would let GPT-6 Astra do more work. I would not let GPT-6 Astra decide what it is allowed to do. That distinction is more interesting to me than most of the benchmark numbers in OpenAI's launch. OpenAI calls Astra its most aligned model.

An Agent API Migration Is an Ownership Audit
Deep Dives
5 min read

An Agent API Migration Is an Ownership Audit

An API migration can compile, return the expected text, and still be wrong. That is the real risk in moving from OpenAI's Assistants API to Responses. The old objects do not map to new objects without changing where configuration, state,

A Tool Result Is Evidence, Not Ground Truth
Research Radar
5 min read

A Tool Result Is Evidence, Not Ground Truth

Connecting an agent to a database does not remove hallucination risk. It gives the system a second source that can be stale, malformed, unauthorized, or simply wrong—and a protocol that may make the model trust it more than it should. Tools

Code Generation Is Fast. Verification Is Not.
Deep Dives
5 min read

Code Generation Is Fast. Verification Is Not.

Agentic IDEs can produce a runnable full-stack application in minutes. That does not mean the application became cheap to trust. In a controlled study of 48 generated projects, the researchers spent as much or more time manually verifying

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